Autism, Asperger Syndrome (AS), and Pervasive Developmental Disorder †Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) Essay Example

Autism, Asperger Syndrome (AS), and Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD Autism, Asperger Syndrome (AS), and Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) Essay Autism, Asperger Syndrome (AS), and Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) Essay Autism, Asperger Syndrome (AS), and Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Autism, Asperger Syndrome, and PDD-NOS are all kinds of mind disorders. Mind disorders are illnesses in which the normal function of the mind is hindered by some reason, depending on the illness. They disrupt daily activities and may at some point turn a person into a dysfunctional individual. Although these illnesses all occur in the brain, all possess characteristics that distinguish one from the other. Autism, Asperger Syndrome, and PDD-NOS are all mental disorders which have symptoms that identify each accordingly. Autism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Autism is a disorder which affects all the mental developments. Unlike Asperger Syndrome and PDD-NOS, autism’s symptoms and characteristics that a patient exemplifies may vary depending on the age. Due to this characteristic as well, the only means to recognize autism immediately is by comparing a patient’s action and comprehension to the typical ways of thinking of a person of the same age as the patient. When a person’s brain functions do not tally with the typical brain functions and development of people in the same age bracket, autism disorder may be diagnosed (Frith, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People with autistic disorder may be distinguished from those with Asperger Syndrome as the latter does not have significant delay in language development. An autistic person also has a hard time comprehending the actions and words of other people interacting with them. Autism also has symptoms similar to PDD-NOS (First, Frances, Pincus, 2002). Asperger Syndrome Disorder   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Compared to autism, Asperger syndrome is considered as milder. It also hinders normal brain functions, but unlike autism, Asperger does not cause as much dysfunctionality as autism. As stated earlier, it does not significantly delay the language development of a person. However, people with Asperger also have difficulty in speaking. Mostly, inflection and repetition occurs. Another one of its characteristics is that most patients of the disorder isolate themselves from society and they are more eccentric than usual. In other countries, Asperger is considered as another name for PDD-NOS (First et al., 2002). PDD-NOS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PDD-NOS or Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified is a condition in which some characteristics of autism is exhibited. In the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (2002), a person is diagnosed with PDD-NOS only if the full symptoms or features of autism are not met. This suggests that, like Asperger, PDD-NOS is similar to autism. It is also a developmental disorder. It has no direct and distinguishing feature. The patients suffering from this disorder also have a hard time socializing with others. Communication is also difficult for them. They are also hypersensitive. However, like Asperger, PDD-NOS may be regarded as a milder form of autism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the given characteristics for each illness, it may be found that the three given disorders are quite similar. They only vary from each other in terms of the severity of the non-development of the brain and the dysfunctionality each disorder causes to the person suffering from it. Autism may be considered as the worst among the three. It causes severely impaired social interaction and speech disorder. Unlike Asperger and PDD-NOS, autism greatly delays the brain development. On the other hand, Asperger syndrome does not cause a significant delay in language development. However, socialization is still impaired. This is almost similar to PDD-NOS. It also causes social impairment, but compared to autistic disorder, the impairment is only mild; there still remains hope for better communication and socialization. In addition, PDD-NOS is not commonly diagnosed unless the patient exhibits symptoms that do not qualify as symptoms of autism. Table 1 – Similarities and Differences in the Symptoms of Autism, Asperger Syndrome, and PDD-NOS Autism and Asperger Syndrome Autism and PDD-NOS Asperger Syndrome   and PDD-NOS Symptom Similarities social interaction impairment speech impairment underdeveloped communication skills Brain underdevelopment speech impairment social interaction impairment Milder speech impairment milder impairment of social skills milder communication skills impairment Symptom Differences Autistic patients exhibit worse underdevelopment charcateristics inability to interact is worse speech defects are more pronounced asperger patients have milder communication defects PDD-NOS exhibit speech defect that are milder and brain underdevelopemnt signs are not as pronounced autistic patients have slower comprehension skills Asperger patients tend to repeat and stutter speech defect is more pronounced but not as much as it is with autism PDD-NOS exhibits underdevelopment signs in a milder way References First, M., Frances, A., Pincus, H.A. (2002). DSM-IV-TR Handbook of Differential Diagnosis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Virginia: American Psychiatric Publishing Frith, U. (2003). Autism. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell

Exercise in Identifying Effective Thesis Statements

Exercise in Identifying Effective Thesis Statements This exercise will help you understand the difference between an effective and ineffective thesis statement, ie a sentence that identifies the main idea and central purpose of an essay. Instructions For each pair of sentences below, select the one that you think would make the more effective thesis in the introductory paragraph of a short essay (approximately 400 to 600 words). Keep in mind that an effective thesis statement should be sharply focused and specific, not just a general statement of fact. When youre done, you may want to discuss your answers with your classmates, and then compare your responses with the suggested answers on page two. Be ready to defend your choices. Because these thesis statements appear outside the context of complete essays, all responses are judgment calls, not absolute certainties. (a) The Hunger Games is a science fiction adventure film based on the novel of the same name by Suzanne Collins.(b) The Hunger Games is a morality tale about the dangers of a political system that is dominated by the wealthy.(a) There is no question that cell phones have changed our lives in a very big way.(b) While cell phones provide freedom and mobility, they can also become a leash, compelling users to answer them anywhere and at any time.(a) Finding a job is never easy, but it can be especially hard when the economy is still feeling the effects of a recession and employers are reluctant to hire new workers.(b) College students looking for part-time work should begin their search by taking advantage of job-finding resources on campus.(a) For the past three decades, coconut oil has been unjustly criticized as an artery-clogging saturated fat.(b) Cooking oil is plant, animal, or synthetic fat that is used in frying, baking, and other types of cooking.(a) There have been over 200 mo vies about Count Dracula, most of them only very loosely based on the novel published by Bram Stoker in 1897.(b) Despite its title, Bram Stokers Dracula, a film directed by Francis Ford Coppola, takes considerable liberties with Stokers novel. (a) There are several steps that teachers can take to encourage academic integrity and curtail cheating in their classes.(b) There is an epidemic of cheating in Americas schools and colleges, and there are no easy solutions to this problem.(a) J. Robert Oppenheimer, the American physicist who directed the building of the first atomic bombs during World War II, had technical, moral, and political reasons for opposing the development of the hydrogen bomb.(b) J. Robert Oppenheimer often referred to as the father of the atomic bomb, was born in New York City in 1904.(a) The iPad has revolutionized the mobile-computing landscape and created a huge profit stream for Apple.(b) The iPad, with its relatively large high-definition screen, has helped to revitalize the comic book industry.(a) Like other addictive behaviors, Internet addiction may have serious negative consequences, including academic failure, job loss, and a breakdown in personal relationships.(b) Drug and alcohol addiction is a major problem in the world today, and many people suffer from it. (a) When I was a child I used to visit my grandmother in Moline every Sunday.(b) Every Sunday we visited my grandmother, who lived in a tiny house that was undeniably haunted.(a)  The bicycle was introduced in the nineteenth century and rapidly grew into a worldwide phenomenon.(b) In several ways, bicycles today are  better than they were 100 or even 50 years ago.(a) Although many varieties of beans belong in a healthy diet, among the most nutritious are black beans, kidney beans, chickpeas, and pinto beans.(b) Although beans are generally good for you, some kinds of raw beans can be dangerous if theyre not well cooked. Suggested Answers (b)  The Hunger Games  is a morality tale about the dangers of a political system that is dominated by the wealthy.(b) While cell phones provide freedom and mobility, they can also become a leash, compelling users to answer them anywhere and at any time.(b) College students looking for part-time work should begin their search by taking advantage of job-finding resources on campus.(a) For the past three decades, coconut oil has been unjustly criticized as an artery-clogging saturated fat.(b) Despite its title,  Bram Stokers Dracula, a film directed by Francis Ford Coppola, takes considerable liberties with Stokers novel.(a) There are several steps that teachers can take to encourage academic integrity and curtail cheating in their classes.(a) J. Robert Oppenheimer, the American physicist who directed the building of the first atomic bombs during World War II, had technical, moral, and political reasons for opposing the development of the hydrogen bomb.(b) The iPad, with its rela tively large high-definition screen, has helped to revitalize the comic book industry. (a) Like other addictive behaviors, Internet addiction may have serious negative consequences, including academic failure, job loss, and a breakdown in personal relationships.(b) Every Sunday we visited my grandmother, who lived in a tiny house that was undeniably haunted.(b) In several ways, bicycles today are  better than  they were 100 or even 50 years ago.(a) Although many varieties  of beans belong in a healthy diet, among the most nutritious are black beans, kidney beans,  chickpeas, and pinto beans.

Ethics in Flatliners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics in Flatliners - Essay Example Flatliners is one of the movies that depict the theme of ethics among other themes. Flatliners explores the issue of life and death in an articulate and ingenious way. The characters in the movie, led by Nelson seek to experience life after death by â€Å"flatlining.† The whole experience by Nelson and his medical students is centered on ethics. At one instance, Rachel Manus told Julia Roberts that she is doing much better. This paper briefly discusses why it was ethical for Rachel Manus to say that.The scenario happened when Manus was treating Julia as one of her patients. Manus, a medical student with Nelson, was mandated to oversee the recovery of patients. It happened that one of the patients, Julia, was struggling with recovery. In their conversation, Manus told Julia that she was doing much better in recovery. Although Julia was not on the best route to recovery, Manus encouraged her. This was an ethical approach. It is undeniable that telling the truth is one of the pri mary codes of ethics, especially in the professional field. However, there are times when the truth will do more harm than good. For instance, telling patients that they are not likely to recover from an illness will surely jeopardize their recovery. Therefore, it is ethical to give them encouraging words that would stimulate recovery even when there is little hope. In this context, Manus was ethically justified to tell Julia Roberts that she was doing much better. This is because she had good intentions when she was saying the words.

Disney Company Overview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Disney Company Overview - Research Paper Example The research paper "Disney Company Overview" talks about a great success of Walt Disney and how they accomplished to stay a leader in their field for such a long time. While it is a fact that it has come to face many rivals in the past few years, Disney remains the leading conglomerate of its kind in the world with the highest revenues when compared to its rivals. Disney, because of the need to retain its top position in the industry, has worked towards ensuring that it gives free rein to its employees so that they can be able to develop better ideas without interference from management. For this to happen, however, this company has created an environment where its employees feel at home to ensure that there is a constant increase in their creative output, without which the company would not survive long in the market. The comfortable working environment which has been developed for its employees has made it possible for this company to attract the best talent in the industry to work within its ranks. Disney has followed the path of other companies in the industry by allowing itself to be influenced by the impersonal nature of the working environment. It has been realized that the development of such environment more often than not leads to the stifling of the initiative among employees. Disney has chosen to retain an environment where its employees are provided with the best opportunity to work as well as to be innovative. It has developed a cross-cultural environment within which its employees can work.

American Airlines Strategy Paper Essay Example for Free

American Airlines Strategy Paper Essay Currently the airline industry as a whole seems to be on the road of recovery. We, American Airlines, the fourth largest carrier recently avoided bankruptcy, but had a summer full of pressure due to ongoing union struggles and questionable executive compensation packages. After having incurred such big losses, this recovery has come about because of the government bailout and many of our large competitors’ abilities to survive the turbulence in the industry. So far, the prospects look promising. Revenue has improved across all regions of the business. Domestic unit revenue was up almost 10 percent and Latin American revenue has increased by close to 11 percent in the last quarter of 2012 compared to the same period the prior year. We are performing better than other airlines that have filed for protection and have done so without slashing capacity. In short, American is doing the right things to return to business efficiency and customer effectiveness. In order to establish a sustainable position for the future, American Airlines must adopt a three-pronged strategy moving forward. First, we should focus on low priced operations and increased marketing strategies to improve customer demand. We have to enhance customer experience and our volume of loyal customers to build a stronger presence in Airline Industry. Second, we must focus on increasing and improving the routes to cater to large customer base. Lastly, we must address the difficulties our company might face in integrating with the culture of US Airlines. Our future success is highly dependent on these two entities efficiently operating as a single organization. Industry Analysis Current Position US Airline industry today is dominated by five major domestic carriers. United, Delta and Southwest each has more than 15 percent market share. American is fourth, with around 12 percent and US Airways is fifth with around 10 percent. Four of these five are profitable — all but American. We lost $2 billion in 2011 and $1.7 billion in the first quarter of 2012. Future Strategy Our emphasis in 2013 is on operational flexibility, international growth through alliance and selective network expansion, and domestic partnerships to reduce operational and balance sheet risks. Americans market differentiation is based on emphasizing and meeting the needs and expectations of high value customers (particularly large global corporates) and better alignment with the one world airline network and value proposition. Also, being the lead carrier between not only the United States and Latin America but, increasingly, the world and Latin America—connecting through Dallas, Los Angeles, or Miami. This strategy makes sense; if they can get all labor work groups on board, they should be able to make it happen. That is still the main challenge, as is competitor contestation, particularly from larger traditional rivals like Delta and United. Improve Customer Demand Lower Operational Costs American passenger division which already has 57 fewer planes in service than an year ago, should further shrink by another 57 planes this summer. This would improve operational efficiency. Current service levels include 275 cities with a fleet of over 1000 aircraft. American carries about 80 million passengers daily and receives more than 329,000 reservation calls, handles more than 293,000 pieces of luggage and flies more than 4300 flights in one typical day. In order to reduce costs further over 27000 jobs will have to be eliminated. Because of high competition in the industry, substantial price fluctuations occur related to fares. Enhance Customer Base Increase value added services offered through our interactive website, AA.com. Any differentiation that convenience added capabilities offer is the center of focus. Busy hiub systems and schedule patterns need to be looked at to improve efficiency and routing effectiveness, thereby enhancing customer experience. We need to do rigorous marketing to attract more customers. Our marketing is currently focused on seasonal and business travelers and much analysis is taken in order to optimize peak travel seasons as well as frequent flier miles programs and pints systems. The Making More Room in coach program is the original marketing ploy of American to project a perception of higher passenger comfort levels. As increased advertising and intense market share is gained, we will continue to remain a key player assuming passenger demand goes up as projected. We will focus on upgraded in-flight entertainment systems, football game special fares, and buy-on board meal options to further enhance customer experience. Improve Network American Airlines new network strategy is designed to improve profitability by offering the routes and schedules that attract and retain not only their own high value customers but also those of alliance partners, an important source of revenue through codeshare agreements and closely aligned loyalty programs. The network is the core product that works in concert with lie-flat seats, onboard amenities, and customer service. Latin America is a prominent focus, due in part to our strong presence in key hubs to Latin America such as Dallas and Miami. This is where the profits are. Passenger growth forecasts for Latin America for 2013-17 are 6 percent for Latin America North (Central America and the northern rim of South America) and 8 percent for Latin America South (southern cone countries such as Brazil and Argentina). This compares with 3.6 percent for Europe and 4.4 percent for Asia. Increase International Routes To follow the growth markets, we must change our portfolio mix to focus more on international rather than domestic routes. This is a gradual process, moving from 38 percent international and 62 percent domestic capacity in 2013 towards a 44/56 percent balance by 2017. As we refocus more of our flying towards international opportunities, it is likely to look towards increased code-sharing with domestic carriers like Alaska Airlines, jetBlue, and others to further enhance our network in places like Los Angeles and New York City. This is likely to have initial teething problems, due to terminal colocation and product disparity issues. For instance, the business passengers that we are pursuing may be disgruntled by jetBlues more restrictive carry-on baggage policies or by extra time and added security checks if they are required to change terminals. Refurbish domestic feed Our plan is also to diversify our domestic feed by increasing the number of regional carriers with which we do business to reduce operational and balance sheet risk. Today, we primarily get a feed from our wholly-owned subsidiary, American Eagle, which has higher costs than some other regional carriers. American Eagle is going through its own restructuring to lower its costs, and it may ultimately be spun off. Synergies with US Airlines Merger with US Airways will result in the largest carrier in US. It would create roughly $1.2 billion in financial benefits.

Is Social Security Reform Really Necessary? Essay -- Argumentative Per

Is Social Security Reform Really Necessary? For many years the social security program has been operating successfully. In recent times however, it is becoming apparent to some that social security is in need of reform. Their argument is that with the amount of people getting older in the next couple of decades, there will not be enough money left in the social security reserves to pay for everyone who needs it. That is why the idea of separating social security up into private funds has been brought to the attention of the American citizens. This idea of reform has been around for quite a long time; however it has been pushed on by pro reform supporters more in recent times because they think it is necessary for the future of the social security program. The idea of reforming the way that social security functions is a bad idea because the way it is set up right now will work in the future regardless of population changes. It also won’t be worth the time and money to reform something that is already working very well, which social security is. Furthermore, the current president’s plan of privatizing social security had many problems and will not work very well during future years. These problems will not only affect the way our seniors live their lives, but also it will put our country deeper and deeper into debt. Many things would change as a result of social security reform, not one of which is better. Most Americans do not enjoy unnecessary taxes and costs, and the privatizing of social security is one thing that is preventable and would not even save the American citizens money in the long run. This idea is very poor, and there are many reasons why it should be stopped. To understand what is wrong with privatizing social security, it is very important to first know how social security works in its current form. What social security is exactly is a way for older Americans and retired American citizens to have financial benefits after they become too old to be working. This includes money for prescription drugs, food, and other common living costs. It comes to the beneficiaries in the form of a check routinely. This money comes from a vast social security reserve that is paid for by the common American taxpayer. The idea behind this is that when you are making money and have a steady job, you will pay money toward social security so t... ...say I encountered many small problems. One of the major ones was finding the resources to write an 8-10 page paper. I have little experience with papers that are this length, so I had to work it out as I went along. In the end it was alright though because I got a chance to really reflect and expend on my ideas, which is something that I never got a chance to do before. Some of the strengths of this paper are the arguments that I presented about this topic. There were a few problems that I ran into along the way. One was trying to make sure I didn’t accidentally state the same idea twice. As unrealistic as it sounds, it can be a reality if the paper is a real long one. If I had more time in the working of this paper, I would probably add more hard facts from my sources, so that my arguments would become more concrete. I would have to say that I was fairly well prepared for this paper and I thought that I did a pretty good job on it. The only improvements that I could see a re if I were to add more citations and edit my arguments to be stronger. I would have to say that I had a fun time working on this paper and learned a whole lot about a subject that I knew nothing about before.

Open Burning

Open burning Is the burning of unwanted materials such as paper, trees, brush, leaves, grass, and other debris, where smoke and other emissions are released directly into the air without passing through a chimney or stack. Open burning also includes incineration devices that do not control the combustion air to maintain an adequate temperature and do not provide sufficient residence time for complete combustion.Open burning pollutes the air and poses a fire hazard. The air pollution created by open burning can irritate eyes and lungs, obscure visibility, soil nearby surfaces, create annoying odors, and are a danger to those with respiratory conditions. Alternatives (car eminence): 1) Compose – compost (butt Baja) Instead of burning them (the garbage) clippings can be turned into food for your garden or houseplants. 2) Recycle ; Leaves and grass – process old/used materials (e. G. Per, metal, plastic, etc) into new product. 3) Craft (Kara tango) – use old material and create something useful 4) Reduce – Less stuff used, less stuff need to be burned – Look for Items with less packaging ; Buy items in packaging that can be reused or recycled 5) Reuse – Reuse everything can be reused (bottle, can, etc) – Donate old clothes, shoes, books, appliance, electronics, furniture and toys to charity. – Carry a coffee mug with you instead of disposable cups.Bring your own cloth bag to the store or reuse plastic bags. 6) Landfill (attempt bung sampan) – Items that cannot be reused or recycled should be taken to the landfill. Open Burning Outcomes: 1) Alarm pollution 2) Foggy Rebus) 3) Hazardous/ poisonous air/smoke from the burning of pesticides, detergent, etc. 4) Danger of explosion 5) Can result in uncontrollable burning (forest burning, house on fire, etc) 6) Can danger human being as well as animals

Understanding Theories

In addition, this essay examines different stakeholder perspectives in relation to the harries and their issues, and it concluded by focusing on what type of knowledge, capability, and skills a manager requires in order to deal with these specific issues. Coca Cola was founded during the year 1887, by Doctor John Phenomenon, a pharmacist from Atlanta. John established a company which immediately began building its global network, he was known as the man who achieved a â€Å"global success through an intelligent risk†.Over the years, the company's success rate continuously increased, and the deep emotional bond between Coca-Cola and its consumers grew even more powerful and more global (Coca Cola, 2014). In 2014, Coca-Cola advised that the previous year $2. 8 billion in stock was purchased, however they had planned to increase that amount to between $3. 0 billion and $3. 5 billion for the full year, due to positive sales, this is a clear indication of the company's success (Reu ters, 2013).The Coca-Cola Company, is the world's largest beverage company, operating in more than 200 countries, across America, Europe, Eurasia, Africa and the Pacific. This multinational beverage corporation and manufacturer, retailer and marketer of non- alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia (Coca Cola, 2014). The secondary sector, international organization, has not been owned by a single individual in almost 100 years. It is a public company that trades its shares on the New York stock exchange – meaning it is ‘owned' by thousands of shareholders and investors worldwide (Coca Cola, 2014).Coca Cola is known as one of the world most successful beverage companies to date, currently operating with over 700 000 employees across the globe, including Mutter Kent; the chairman of the board and chief executive officer (Coca Cola, 2014). The agency and contingency theory are both of significance to Coca Cola. The Contingency theory is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no â€Å"one best way' to lead an organization, organize a corporation or make a decision. Instead, the appropriate organizational structure depends on the contingencies facing the organization (Travis Spread, 2012).Coca cola does not have control over the contingencies that are continuously arising within its internal and external environment; this includes political changes, such as the increased health standards for bottling. The contingency theory was chosen as it typifies that implementation of the appropriate organizational structures, depending on the contingencies the organization is facing, will result in business success. The managers at Coca Cola are aware that companies whose characteristics fit with the contingencies in the current situation will perform more effectively compared to an organization whose characteristics do not.Hence, implementation of this theory has allowed managers to adopt certain characteri stics of the organization, such as the structure, to suit contingencies within their environment. The agency theory is concerned with resolving problems that can exist in agency relationships; that is, between principals and agents of the principals (Investigated, 2013). Generally, in large companies, with managers acting on behalf of their owners, many issues will arise in relation to the principle and the agent. Managers tend to misbehave if the interests of them and the company owners diverge (Eisenhower, K.M, 1989, page 58). The agency theory is of crucial importance to this study, as it highlights ethical and commercial issues which arise from an agent/principal relationship. As seen with Coca Cola, 2013 entailed substantial pay cuts to most top executives, due to over one fourth of the shareholders voting against them. As a result, many executives became denominated to work in favor of shareholders, who they believed were only acting in their own self-interests. In the article â€Å"Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure† Jensen, M.C & Neckline state that if both parties to the relationship are utility maximizes, it is almost certain that the agent will not act in the best interests of the principal Nonsense, M. C & Neckline. W. H, 1976, Page 5). The authors propose that many complications can arise as a result of a number of costs, including monitoring costs, in such a relationship. Jensen and Neckline then typify, that the principal may limit these divergences by implementing appropriate incentives for the agents and â€Å"and by incurring monitoring costs designed to limit the aberrant activities of the agent† Nonsense, M.C & Neckline. W. H, 1976). â€Å"The Academy of Management Review' by Kathleen M. Eisenhower, is a second study on agency theory, which states that there are two main problems that the agency heron is concerned with resolving. The first problem is the problem of risk sharing, whic h is the problems that arise when the principal and agent have different attitudes towards taking risk (Eisenhower, K. M, 1989, page 64). Due to different risk tolerances, the principal and agent may each be inclined to take different actions, which will result in the â€Å"agency problem†.The second problem, known as the agency problem, is the problems which arise, when the goals of the principle and the agent are not aligned. These problems both arise as a result of ‘information asymmetry. Eisenhower highlights these problems in order to remind us that regardless of what we think, organizational life is based on individuals acting in their own self-interest (Eisenhower, K. M, 1989, page 64). Leg Donaldson, in his 2001 paper ‘The contingency theory of organizational design', provides a comprehensive, in depth analysis of the contingency theory.He states that a successful organization is not one that adopts the maximum level, but instead, the appropriate level of structural variables, that depend on some level of the contingency variable (Donaldson, 2001). He then proceeds with explaining that a company may only increase its performance levels by adopting strategies depending on the contingencies the organization is facing (Donaldson, 2001). Similarly, in his paper, ‘Complex Organizations: A critical essay, Charles Proper also stresses the importance of the contingency theory within organizations.According to Proper, organizations should adopt organic structures, based on the internal and external contingencies the company is faced with (Proper, 1979). He states that business structures should be developed according to each individual organization, rather than upon some universal principles or procedures (Proper, 1979). Proper strongly believes that complying with the contingency theory will result in the business achieving utmost success. A number of issues in relation to management and the organization have been raised, as a result o f the agency and contingency theories.The agency theory was initially designed in order to assist in the understanding of the agent/principle relationship. Williamson (1985) identified opportunistic behavior as a norm within organizations, stating that agency problems are more than likely to occur. He specified that managers often act opportunistically, and that trustworthiness is no longer common. Jensen and Neckline (1976), supported Williamson claim, they believe it is generally impossible that management will act in favor of the principle, as their main focus is to maximize their own wealth.Coca Cola proved this to be true in 2013, when Californian managers were sued for underpaying their employees in order to reduce expenses (D. Blackburn. 2013). Jensen and Neckline (1976) also believe that the agency theory may also initiate moral issues between the agent and other takeovers, such as the public. As seen with Coca Cola, India, 2002 entailed an agency issue between management an d the public. Communities across India living around Coca-Cola's bottling plants experienced severe water shortages, as a result of Coca-Cola's massive extraction of water from the common groundwater resource.The public criticized the company, stating that Coca Cola is willing to damage the nation, for their own â€Å"self-interest† of cost cutting. The company refused to amend their procedures until they were forced to by government. (Blackburn, 2013 ) Drain and Van De Even (1985) believe that environmental uncertainty can occur as a result of the contingency theory. They believe that an issue with the theory is that there are no pre-developed structures that an organization can adopt if internal and external contingencies, unexpectedly occur.In order to avoid these issues, Drain and Van De Even (1985) state that an organization must develop structures that it can quickly implement if internal and external contingencies, unexpectedly occur. In 1981, Coca cola began to lose m arket share to Pepsi, as the company had developed a new racketing procedure, which did not appeal to the public. Coca Cola failed to develop alternate plans if contingencies within the external market, such as increased competition occur. As a result, by 1983, Coca Cola's market shared, decreased to an all-time low of Just below 24%.Due to this disastrous situation, Roberto Goutiest, Coca Cola's chairman at the time, decided that in the future, the company will rule out all contingencies and possibilities, and have further plans, if their current procedures fail. In his article â€Å"Contingency theory: Science or Technology' Stephen C. Beets insinuates that over the years, many criticisms/limitations of the contingency theory have developed. He states that one criticism of the contingency theory is that â€Å"the causation of certain contingencies are assumed, but not explained† (Beets, 2011).The assumption is that because a set of environmental conditions and organization al design characteristics were found to be correlated that this is the best fit (Beets, 2011). Stephen (2011) then continues to explain that decisions should not be made based on this assumption, instead informed decisions must be made, based on glacial reasoning of each unique situation. Morehouse (2007), believes that the theory fails to explain why some people are more effective leaders in some situations than others.Shah (1979) adds on to Northerners claim, he states that the theory has not identified what an organization should do, when there is a mismatch between the managers and the current situation within the workplace. Similarly, in his text ‘Management and organizational theory, Jeffery A. Miles makes aware many limitations of the agency theory. Miles suggests that empirical research as failed to support basic tenets of the theory, including ways to mitigate the agency problem (Miles, 2012). Hence, researchers are now asking for re-examination of the theory so that research can move into new and different directions.Miles (2012), made reference to Proper (1986) who claimed that the agency theory does not clearly address any organizational problems, as well as Hirsch and Friedman (1986) who invited agency theory as excessively narrow, focusing primarily on organizational stock price. Different stakeholders have different views regarding the contingency ND agency theories. Assassinates (1989), highlights that perspectives will differ amongst all stakeholders, regarding risk sharing, which is one of the main problems within the agency theory.Assassinates (1989) stated that managers tend to avoid taking risks, as they fear the possibility of failure, which may result in damaging the organization. On the other hand, other stakeholders, such as shareholders of the company, may support the idea of ‘risk sharing, as certain risks may result in increased profits for the company, hence, maximizing their shares. As stated prior, Jensen, M. C and Ne ckline (1976) believe that managers (agent) tend to make decisions that will result in maximizing their own utility. In doing this, agents will significantly benefit, as their own wealth may substantially increase.On the other hand, shareholders of the company (principles) will generally oppose these decisions, as they fear that they aren't receiving a fair share and getting the best possible investment from the company. Similarly, Woolworth, being the agent of Coca Cola, attempted to boost its own profit margin, by decreasing Coca Cola's prices, before lacing them on the shelves. Woolworth attempted to maximize their own utility, by decreasing costs of Coca Cola, with the intention of gaining more customers, hence improving their market share.Coca Cola felt as though Woolworth breached their contract terms, as they were gaining an unfair leverage http://www. Afar. Com/p/ business/companies/clash_of_the_titans_woolies_coke_KJLlpFFlJfabEGgdeAnswO . Similarly to the agency theory, sta keholders also have opposing views in relation to the contingency theory and its issue of ‘environmental uncertainty. Managers may appreciate the idea of environmental uncertainty, as it creates a spontaneous environment, which may work in their favor. Managers are able to adopt the business strategies that they know will be effective, due to past experiences.On the other hand, other stakeholders, such as employees may not appreciate environmental uncertainty, as continuously changing management structures, may require employees to attain new skills. Hence, employees will be required to spend more time in the training and development process, thus, resulting in increased costs for the business, meaning less pay and/ or benefits for employees. In earlier years, Coca Cola in India saw that environmental contingencies, such as economic decline, were forcing other Indian companies to change their employee pay rates.As a result, Coca Cola changed their employee pay rates, in line w ith the other Indian companies. The Indian companies' success rates began to increase due to cost cutting, however Coca cola experienced a significant level of employee's voluntarily leaving the company, as they became denominated and felt mistreated (Coca Cola, 2012). Managers/leaders must ensure that prior to managing an organization; they have an understating that perspectives will differ, amongst all stakeholders within the company.Managers must ensure that they reason logically and fairly rather than emotionally, this will guarantee that they do not act in their own â€Å"self-interest'. Therefore, they must pay attention to his/her personal as well as other people's assumptions, perspectives, and biases. This process should be approached with integrity, open-mindedness, honesty, and accuracy. It is also important for a leader/ manager to uphold ethical and moral standards, in doing so employees with feel as Hough they are being treated Justly.As a result, managers are not onl y increasing efficiency, but also nurturing skills, developing talent, inspiring results, and erasing all employee concerns regarding any issues of mistreatment, such as underpay. Further to this, managers must not only treat employees fairly, but also, all other stakeholders within their company, such as shareholders, customers, suppliers, and so on. In doing so, leaders will ensure that they gain positive relationships, which will result in improving the market share of the company, hence, gaining a significant nominative advantage.

Intelligent Geeks †Why Americans Consider Intellectuals Abnormal English Class Essay

Intelligent Geeks – Why Americans Consider Intellectuals Abnormal English Class Essay Free Online Research Papers Intelligent Geeks Why Americans Consider Intellectuals Abnormal English Class Essay Americans have mixed feelings towards intellectuality. Often you can hear someone talking about their new technology and how great it is, such as the engine in their new car. That same person might talk about someone who is very intelligent as being a nerd or geek upon hearing that they know how to put together a car engine. Americans are ambivalent towards intellectuals because they are usually different from what we consider normal. The first reason intellectuals are not considered normal is that they enjoy learning. They get great pleasure out of information and are often good at retaining it. They like knowing more than others. I consider my cousin Joseph an intellectual. He loves to read something that he has never read before. He graduated both undergraduate and graduate school with a 4.0 grade point average. He has probably been called a nerd many times, yet because he is an engineer we look to him to provide us with new advances in technology. Another reason intellectuals are not considered normal is that they are stereotyped to have few friends. The truth is they may not care about how many friends they have. It may not make a difference to them. They don’t fit in with the common person, because the common person can’t understand them. However, we need them to not be worried about their friends. If the person who invented the car engine had been more interested in making friends and being sociable, we might still be getting around in buggies drawn by horses. Joseph lives alone in California under the roof of a one-bedroom apartment. While I don’t know everything about his personal life, he did not have many friends when he lived here, and he does not talk much about anything other than work when I see him. The last reason intellectuals are not considered normal is that they seem to be unreachable by the common person. Most of the time intellectuals have a much higher than average standard of living. They often have large vocabularies and can talk like they are reading from a book. At family gatherings Ryan has a tendency to talk to another of my relatives about highly involved physics, which no one else in the family can understand. It has become a kind of joke among the rest of us normal people that we can’t understand what they are talking about. Probably we just wish we understood them though. Americans have different views of intellectuals because they are different from what is considered normal. Intellectuals are important to society even though they might be looked upon in an unfavorable manner sometimes. They might like to learn. They might have few friends. They might not enjoy doing the same things we do. They are responsible for many of the inventions and ideas that lead us to new and better places. But they are people too, and they are more like us than we think. Research Papers on "Intelligent Geeks - Why Americans Consider Intellectuals Abnormal " English Class EssayTrailblazing by Eric Anderson19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentStandardized TestingLifes What IfsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

New SAT vs Old SAT Changes You Must Know

New SAT vs Old SAT Changes You Must Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In 2016, the SAT changed drastically from the old SAT. In terms of content, no other SAT changes in the past few decades have been this dramatic. If you're familiar with the old SAT, here's what you must know to do well on the current version of the SAT. In this article, I'll summarize the largest, must-know changes of the SAT. But for those of you who are serious about taking the test, it'll be well worth your time to read some of our more in-depth SAT guides. After all, a few minutes of reading through our expert guides is nothing compared to the sweet payoff of a high SAT score andan acceptance to the college of your dreams! How to Study for the New 2016 SAT- This guide starts with a detailed comparison of the current and old versions of the SAT, and then fleshes out a full SAT study plan. We also have individual section guides for SAT vocabularyand theSAT Reading Section. Finally, don't miss our in-depth new SAT vs old SAT comparison. New 2016 SAT: What's a Good Score?- Before you take the SAT, it's a smart idea to figure out what a good score is, both in general and for you specifically. This guide explains what a good SAT score is based on percentiles and your own college preferences. The Main Differences Between the New SAT and Old SAT The current version of the SAT is pretty different from the old version of the SAT. Below, I go over the major changes made to the overall SAT and to each section. General Changes to the SAT We'll start generally. This chart offers a broad overview of the biggest differences between the two versions of the SAT: Old SAT New SAT Administration 2005-January 2016 March 2016-present Score Range 600-2400 400-1600 Length of Test 3 hours 45 minutes 3 hours (w/out Essay)3 hours 50 minutes (w/ Essay) Total # of Questions/Tasks 171 154 (155 w/ Essay) Sections Critical Reading Writing + Essay Mathematics Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) Math Essay (Optional) Guessing Penalty Minus 1/4 point per incorrect answer None 75th %ile Score (Good)* 1720 1190-1200 50th %ile Score (Average)* 1480 1050-1060 25th %ile Score (Poor)* 1260 910-920 *All percentiles for the new SAT come from the College Board's 2017 percentiles, and all percentiles for the old SAT come from the College Board's 2015 percentiles. As you can see, the current SAT is slightly longer than the old SAT if you opt to take the Essay, but significantly shorter if you don't take the Essay. It also combines your Reading and Writing section scores into a single Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score. Perhaps the biggest change most students know about is the score range: on the old SAT the max score was2400, but on the current SATthe max score is just1600. Finally, there is no longer a score penalty for incorrect answers on the SAT. Therefore,it's best to answer allSAT questions, even if you have to guess on some of them. Now that you've seen the overall changes, let's look at the differences on each section of the test. SAT Reading Changes The SAT Reading section has undergone some massive changes since early 2016. Here are some of the biggest differences to note: Old SAT Reading New SAT Reading Section Name Critical Reading Reading Scoring 200-800 (separate from Writing score) 10-40 test score, which is then combined with Writing to get Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score on a scale of 200-800 # of Sections 3 1 Order on Test Random 1st # of Questions 24, 24, 19 (in random order)Total: 67 52 Total Time 25 minutes, 25 minutes, 20 minutes (in random order)Total: 70 minutes 65 minutes Time per Question 63 seconds 75 seconds Content Tested High-level vocab in isolation, Sentence Completions, passage-based questions All passage-based questions, medium-level vocab in context, evidence support, data interpretation Subscores None Words in ContextCommand of EvidenceAnalysis in History/Social StudiesAnalysis in Science Overall, you now have fewer questions on SAT Reading and more time per question. The biggest change to be aware of, though, is that SAT Reading is now entirely passage-based. All questions, even vocabulary ones, are based on passages, so it's imperative to havea solid passage-reading strategyto use on test day. In terms of content, you'll still see vocab questions, but these are more focused on medium-level vocab words and your ability to figure out their meanings in context.In addition, you need to be able to identify specific areas in passages you found your answers in. SAT Writing Changes SAT Writing has undergone some noticeable changes since the test's redesign in early 2016. Here are the most important ones to note: Old SAT Writing New SAT Writing Section Name Writing Writing and Language Scoring 200-800(separate from Reading score) 10-40 test score, which is then combined with Reading to get Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score on a scale of 200-800 # of Sections 3 (one essay and two multiple-choice sections) 1 (essay = separate section) Order on Test Random 2nd # of Questions 35, 14 (in random order)Total: 49 44 Total Time 25 minutes, 10 minutes (in random order)Total: 35 minutes 35 minutes Time per Question 43 seconds 48 seconds Content Tested Improving Sentences, Identifying Sentence Errors, Improving Paragraphs, grammar rules in isolation All passage-based questions, grammar and punctuation, logic and expression of ideas Subscores None Expression of IdeasStandard English ConventionsWords in ContextCommand of EvidenceAnalysis in History/Social StudiesAnalysis in Science As the chart shows, the SAT Writing section is no longer scored on its own butin conjunction with SAT Reading(to give you a combined Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score). Additionally, the Essay is now a separate (optional) section and is not considered part of the Writing section. You also now have fewer Writing questions, giving you slightly more time per question. In regard to content changes, all questions are now based on passages (like the Reading section), and there is a bigger emphasis on sentence style, logic/flow, and punctuation. SAT Math Changes Though the SAT Math section has changed the least of all SAT sections, it still looks quite different now than it used to before the redesign. Here are the major differences between the current SAT Math section and the old SAT Math section: Old SAT Math New SAT Math Section Name Mathematics Math Scoring 200-800 200-800 # of Sections 3 2(No Calculator Test and Calculator Test) Order on Test Random 3rd =No Calculator Test4th = Calculator Test Calculator Permitted? Yes Yes, but only on Calculator Test (not on No Calculator Test) # of Questions 20, 18, 16 (in random order)Total: 5444 multiple choice, 10 grid-ins No Calculator Test: 20Calculator Test: 38Total: 5845 multiple choice, 13 grid-ins Total Time 25 minutes, 25 minutes, 20 minutes (in random order)Total: 70 minutes No Calculator Test: 25 minutesCalculator Test: 55 minutesTotal: 80 minutes Time per Question 75 or 83 seconds (depending on section) No Calculator Test: 75 secondsCalculator Test: 87 seconds Content Tested Arithmetic, numbers and operations, algebra, functions, geometry, some data analysis Arithmetic, algebra, functions, advanced algebra, data analysis, word problems; 10% = geometry, trigonometry, complex numbers Subscores None Heart of AlgebraPassport to Advanced MathProblem Solving and Data Analysis You now get more time on SAT Math and four more questions in total. The section is also divided into two subsections: a No Calculator test (on which you may not use a calculator) and a Calculator test (on which you may use a calculator). Content-wise, you're still being tested on many of the same fundamental topics, including algebra, functions, and arithmetic. However, there is now less emphasis on geometry and more emphasis on data analysis, graphs, and word problems. Moreover, the old SAT Math section did not test any trig whatsoever, whereas the current SAT has at least a few questions on trig. SAT Essay Changes Finally, we get to the SAT Essay section. Here are the biggest changes to know: Old SAT Essay New SAT Essay Section Name Essay Essay Optional? No Yes Scoring 2-12 (based on two scores by two readers, each on a scale of 1-6) One score for each dimension on a scale of 2-8 (based on two scores by two readers, each on a scale of 1-4) Dimensions None Reading,Analysis,Writing # of Sections 1 1 Order on Test 1st 5th (if taking SAT with Essay) # of Prompts 1 1 Total Time 25 minutes 50 minutes Essay Prompt Answer a theoretical prompt by citing your own evidence Analyze a passage and the author's argument by citing evidence from the passage As you likely already know, the Essay section is optional with the current SAT, while before it was a mandatory section (and part of Writing). Essay scoring has also changed dramatically: test takers now get three scores, each on a scale of 2-8 (so a perfect Essay score would be 8|8|8). Before you had to provide your own evidence and answer a theoretical prompt, but now you must read a short passage and analyze the author's argument using textual evidence. Note that you are not expected to insert your personal viewpoint into your essay. New SAT vs Old SAT: 1-Sentence Summary For those of you who are interested in a summary of big-picture changes, here it is: the current SAT is a lot more like the ACT in that it tests more skills considered relevant to college success and relies less on trying to trick you. What's Next? Got more questions about how the current and old SATs differ from one another?Then check out our detailed examination of all changes between the two. In addition,our guide to the new SAT formatgives you tips on how to prep for the current version of the test. Not sure what SAT score to aim for on test day?Get a step-by-step guide on how to find your goal score based on the schools you're applying to. Looking for a detailed SAT resource to help you study for the test?Our ultimate SAT study guide contains links to our very best SAT articles and guides. And the best part is it'sfree! Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

The Film GasLand Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Film GasLand - Movie Review Example This thesis intends to focus on the perspective presented through the film, â€Å"GasLand† and makes an attempt to build a different bent of mind and school of thought regarding the prevailing system of hydraulic fracturing and the aversive effects it brings on the ecology, environment, and society in the United States. GASLAND AND PERSPECTIVE Fox draws out effectively, the adverse effects that the natural gas drilling boom has brought into the environment, ecology, and lives of the people associated with the event since a decade. The chained effects of the hydraulic fracturing into the environment have been clearly stated, where the preys to the over and exhaustive engineering methodology have been exquisitely pointed out. The film definitely changed the perspective towards the prevailing hydraulic fracturing system in the United States, wherein according to Robert Kohler of Variety, the film depicted and brought changes in the perceptions regarding dangers pertaining to the event of natural gas drilling, very much similar to what the film â€Å"Silent Spring† did to DDT. Bio-centric and eco-centric ethics should influence the environment going forward and establish the interaction with it accordingly. The film at times depicted too much of inclination towards the communities affected by the natural oil and gas drilling. The fact that the boom in the industry has actually brought the adverse ecological and environmental adversities has been neglected at some point of time within the documentary.

Strategies of Nokia and Nestle and their competitive advantage in the Essay

Strategies of Nokia and Nestle and their competitive advantage in the industry - Essay Example It is vital part of organizational success as it not only helps them to survive but also facilitates in maintaining competitive edge against their rivals in the industry. Business strategies are actions plans developed to achieve the vision, mission and objectives of the organizations over a long period of time. Porter (1996) says that competitive strategy is doing business differently to give value to the customers and maintain leverage. The strategic plans therefore, are vital ingredients that allow firms to be flexible and innovative so that they can absorb environmental changes and evolve to maintain one’s market position. The report is primarily an effort to analyze the business strategies of Nokia and Nestle which have made tremendous changes within their strategies to create niche market position in the domestic and global market. Outline of strategic issues of Nokia Nokia is a Finnish conglomerate that has incredible growth story. It has emerged as a flagship company mainly because it was able to anticipate and preempt environmental changes to evolve new strategies. The foresightedness of its managerial leadership was able to steer it to its present success. There were three major strategic issues with Nokia which needed to be creatively designed and developed to facilitate leadership position in the global market. The first one was to redefine its strategies towards its low performing business activities which did not offer long term sustainability of good profits or prospects. The second was to identify the business which had wide scope prospects vis-a-vis business opportunities across the globe. Third and the last one was to ensure that the products should be able to meet the changing demands of the global customers and should have futuristic scope to attract them. These were critical issues which needed to be addressed urgently by the compa ny so that its vision of becoming a successful global entity could be expedited and realized. 3.1.1 Situation analysis of Nokia Finland was a rich but small nation that was bogged down with geographical hardships that made it difficult to adopt traditional technology to improve its communication and other related development processes. It initially had diverse interests comprising of tire manufacturing, paper production, consumer electronics and telecommunication equipment. The disinvestment of many of its business activities helped it to focus on telecommunication. It was one of the companies that had pioneered wireless technology to overcome geographical constraints of near arctic conditions which made cable based telecommunication a difficult and expensive venture. Indeed, strategic planning is at the heart of business strategy. Bateman and Snell (2009:132) emphasize that planning is ‘the conscious, systematic process of making decisions about goals and activities that an i ndividual, group, work unit or organization will pursue in future’. Nokia had demonstrated its leadership initiative by disinvesting its low prospect business activities and correctly identifying potential in the telecommunication where wireless technology had offered huge scope for business expansion. It was focused on organization’s long term goals and objectives for its success and growth. It explicitly emphasized the unique activities and approaches of Nokia leadership for delivering its strategic goals and objectives. Kotler & Keller (2007) have stressed the need to be innovative and service oriented. Nokia was able to align its strategic action